The Climate and Radiation Branch of the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center includes discussions on aerosols, clouds and the hydrological cycle, rainfall, and remote sensing. As you dig deeper into individual pages, you can find more detailed information on such things as fractals, GOES and MODIS instruments, and so on. There's a page to search for publications, and many abstracts are included. There's a list of other Web Sites related to Earth's climate, and links to NASA datacenters (DAACs) where you can obtain data for your own analysis, if you wish.