<pubnumber>733R99001</pubnumber>
<title>Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 1996 and 1997, Market Estimates</title>
<pages>46</pages>
<pubyear>1999</pubyear>
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<operator>mja</operator>
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<origin>PDF</origin>
<type>single page tiff</type>
<keyword>pesticides usage pesticide sales pounds estimates table industry active total million conventional expenditures agricultural commercial applicators ingredient epa agriculture preservatives</keyword>
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<abstract></abstract>
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Prevention, Pesticides
and Toxic Substances (7503C)
733-R-99-001
November 1999
EPA Pesticides Industry
Sales and Usage
1996 and 1997
Market Estimates
image:
Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
1996 and 1997 Market Estimates
by
Arnold L. Aspelin, Ph.D.
and
Arthur H. Grube, Ph.D.
Biological and Economic Analysis Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
November 1999
image:
NOTE TO READERS:
The Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs is pleased to present this
summary of information about pesticide use and report on the pesticide market for the years 1996 and 1997.
This publication reports figures derived for pesticide usage and sales values, based on available
information from Agency records of registrations, USDA reports of pesticide use, and other public and
proprietary sources. This type of report has been issued annually from 1979 through 1989 and at two-year
intervals since then. These reports are devoted to economic aspects of the pesticide industry rather than
health and environmental aspects which are covered by other activities of the Office of Pesticide Programs.
Pesticide usage during 1996 and 1997 was not greatly different from recent prior years. It is too
early to see the extent to which the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and efforts under the Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP) result in changes in use patterns. For future reports, we will
be looking at such changes in use patterns. For example, we plan to report on the extent to which pesticides
classified as "safer," (e.g., biologicals) are being used.
Overall U.S. use, in pounds of active ingredient (conventional pesticides plus other chemicals such
as sulfur and petroleum), went up a little under 2 percent in 1996 (over the previous year) and was back
down about 1 percent in 1997, apparently due largely to changes in acreages grown of major crops such
as corn. Agriculture, which accounts for slightly more than three-fourths of the total, can vary considerably
from year to year due to factors such as weather, pest outbreaks, crop areages grown and economic factors,
such as crop prices. The remaining nearly one-quarter of usage is in non-agricultural sectors, split about
evenly between applications by homeowners and professionals. The use of herbicides and plant growth
regulators declined in 1997 by 10 million pounds; nematicides and fumigant use declined by 15 million
pounds; and sulfur and oil use increased by 14 million pounds during the same period.
This report is being made available on the Internet through the Agency' s home page at:
http://www.epa.gov/oppbeadl/pestsales/ as well as in hard copy. Hard copy may be requested from
U.S. EPA, NCEPI, P.O. Boxs 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419 (phone 513 489-8190).
Marcia E. Mulkey, Director
Office of Pesticide Programs
Environmental Protection Agency
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Contents
Page
List of Tables and Charts ii
Introduction 1
Overview 2
Table Highlights 5
EPA and USDA
Survey Activities 6
About this Report 7
Pesticide Market Estimate
Tables and Charts,
1997 and Earlier Years 9-37
Glossary 38-39
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—/
image:
List of Tables and Charts
PAGE
Table 1. U.S. and World Pesticide Sales at User Level
1997 Estimates (and corresponding charts) 10
Table 2. User Expenditures for Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector,
1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart) 12
Table 3. Volume of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in U.S. by Type,
Class, and Sector, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart) 14
Table 4. U.S. Usage of Conventional and Other Types of Pesticides, 1996/1997
Estimates 16
Table 5. Importance of Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers,
1995-1997 Estimates 17
Table 6. U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Pesticides at
Producer Level, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart) 18
Table 7. U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers of Units
Involved, 1996/1997 Estimates 20
Table 8. Quantities of Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticides
in U.S. Agricultural Crop Production 21
Table 9. Quantities of Pesticides Most Commonly Used in Non-Agricultural
Sectors of U.S 22
Table 10. U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated
Agricultural Sector Share, 1964-1997 (and corresponding charts) 24
Table 11a. Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under FIFRA,
by Type, 1967-1997 (and corresponding chart) 26
Table 11 b. Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under FIFRA,
by Classification: Safer (Reduced-Risk) or Other Pesticides, 1990-1997 27
Table 12. Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1997 (October 30)
(and corresponding charts) 28
Table 13. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, All Economic Sectors
Combined, 1979-1997 (and corresponding chart) 30
Table 14. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type,
1979-1997 (and corresponding charts) 31
Table 15. U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type, All Economic
Sectors Combined, 1979-1997 (and corresponding chart) 34
Table 16. U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type,
1979-1997 (and corresponding charts) 35
//—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
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Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage:
1996 and 1997 Market Estimates
Introduction
This report provides a profile of the U.S. pesticide sales and usage for 1996 and 1997. It contains tables
with estimates of the U. S. market for those two years. The tables contain information on quantities used
and user expenditures (by economic sector and pesticide class), imports, exports, numbers of firms, and
individuals involved in production and use of pesticides, number of pesticides, certified applicators, and on a
number of other topics. Graphic representations of the data are included along with a number of tables.
Much of the tabular information in this report is for the years 1996 and 1997, but historical data are
also presented. This report and the edition for 1994 and 1995 contain a number of reestimated
historical values for volume used and dollar expenditures which are presented in tables 13 through 16.
Care should be taken to use the new values for 1993 and earlier years rather than those from prior
editions.
Following this Introduction, there is an Overview of total pesticide usage in the U.S. and
Highlights of the tables which comprise a majority of the report. Also, some background is presented on
EPA and USDA pesticide usage data collection activities. A Glossary is included at the end of the
report to help the reader with key terms used in the report.
This report is intended only to present objective economic profile and trend information reflecting
the best available information on pesticide sales and usage. It does not attempt to interpret or reach
conclusions about implications of the data. Nor does it include details such as by chemical grouping,
family, geographic area, crop, use site, etc. Detailed analysis of causal factors or implications, such as
potential impacts on human health, the environment, or the economy are beyond the scope of this project.
If you have questions regarding this report or need further information, please contact the authors at the
following address: BEAD/OPP/EPA (7503C), 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460; email:
GRUBE.ARTHUR@EPA.GOV (telephone 703 308-8095 or 308-8094).
A cknowledgments
The authors of this report would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by the following outside
sources:
+ John Wilkin, Greg Malcom, and J. Ahlgrim, Doane Marketing Research, St. Louis, MO, (agricultural usage and
markets),
+ Phil Calderoni, SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA (non-agricultural and world markets for pesticides),
+ Mancer Cyr and Gillian Morris, Kline & Co., Fairfield, NJ (non-agricultural markets and biocide usage), and
+ John McDougall, Wood Mackenzie, Edinburgh, Scotland; more recently Phillips McDougall, Saughland, UK
(world market).
Also, recognition is made of the efforts of peer reviewers of this report:
+ Merritt Padgitt, Doug Kleweno, Norman Bennett, Jim Smith, and Al Jennings of USDA; Roger Holtorf, Bob Torla,
Steve Nako, EPA; Steve Wanser, USITC/DOC; Ed Johnson, Technical Services Group, Washington D.C., Leonard
Gianessi, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—1
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Overview
Pesticides of various types are used in most sectors of the U.S. Economy. In general terms, a
pesticide is any agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria or other
organisms. Thus, the term "pesticide" includes insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, fungicides,
nematicides, and acaracides as well as disinfectants, fumigants, wood preservatives and plant growth
regulators.
Pesticides play a vital role in controlling agricultural, industrial, home/garden, and public health
pests. Many crops, commodities, and services in the U.S. could not be supplied in an economic fashion
without control of pests, with chemicals or by other means. As a result, goods and services can be
supplied at lower costs and/or with better quality. These economic benefits from pesticide use are not
achieved without potential risks to human health and the environment due to the toxicity of pesticide
chemicals. For this reason, the chemicals are regulated under the pesticide laws to avoid unacceptable
risks.
Pesticide Types
A total of about 890 active ingredients (a.i.) are registered as pesticides. A majority of these are
"conventional" pesticides, i.e., ones developed and produced exclusively or primarily for use as pesticides.
The other chemicals registered as pesticides are ones produced mostly for other purposes. Notable examples
are sulfur and petroleum, which are produced mainly for other purposes, but are also used as pesticides. Also,
there are industrial wood preservatives and biocides, which are not generally included as conventional
pesticides. All of these types of pesticides are regulated under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). FIFRA requires the
registration (and periodic reregistration) of pesticides for sale or use in the United States. Under FFDCA,
pesticides used on food or feed products must have an approved tolerance, or maximum residue level. EPA
is responsible for regulating pesticides in cooperation with other Federal Agencies (such as the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USD A)) and the States.
Overall Quantities of Pesticides Used
In the U.S. in a typical year, about 4.5 billion pounds of chemicals are used as pesticides (measured on
the basis of active ingredient). For 1997, the quantities used are estimated, by type of pesticide, as follows:
Type
Conventional pesticides
Other pesticide chemicals (sulfur, petroleum, etc.)
Subtotal
Wood preservatives
Specialty biocides
Chlorine/hypochlorites
Total
Billions
of Pounds
.97
.26
7.23
.66
.27
2.46
4.63
Percent
21
6
27
14
6
53
100
(See Table 4 for more detail.)
2—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
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Conventional pesticides and "other pesticide chemicals" (e.g., sulfur, petroleum, etc.) account for
about one-fourth of the total pesticide active ingredient used in the U.S. (1.23 billion pounds or 27
percent of the total). A majority of these pesticides are used in agriculture to produce food and fiber (77
percent or 944 million pounds of active ingredient in 1997), with the remainder used in industry/
government applications and by homeowners. With usage of 1.23 billion pounds (for conventional
pesticides plus other pesticide chemicals), the U.S. accounts for about one-fourth of such usage world
wide. Chlorine/hypochlorites are the leading type of pesticides in the U.S., with half of the U.S. total
usage. Wood preservatives and specialty biocides make up the reminder of the U.S. total of 4.63 billion
pounds in 1997. The above quantities equal 4.6 pounds per capita in the U.S. for conventional pesticides
plus sulfur, etc., and 17.0 pounds per capita for the total of all types. (Basedon Tables 1, 3, 4, and 7.)
Expenditures for Pesticides
The pesticide industry is quite significant in dollar terms. Annual expenditures by users of
pesticides totaled $11.9 billion in 1997 (conventional pesticides plus sulfur, etc.). Of this, 70 percent
was for use in agriculture (a total of $8.3 billion — an average of nearly $4,400 per farm in the U.S. —
1.9 million farms). The U.S. total of $11.9 billion equals $44 per capita. The average U.S. household
spent about $20 for pesticides applied by the homeowner. (This does not include expenditures for
pesticides applied to homes and gardens by others for hire.) The U.S. accounts for nearly one-third of
pesticide user expenditures world wide. (Based on Tables 1, 2 and 7.)
Numbers of Pesticide Producers and Users
The U.S. pesticide sector includes the following numbers of firms and individuals (approximate
numbers): major pesticide manufacturers (18); other manufacturers (100); formulators (2,200); distribu-
tors/establishments (17,000); farms using pesticides (0.94 million, compared with 1.66 million farms
with cropland, and 1.91 million total farms -1997 Census); commercial pest control firms (35-40,000);
certified commercial applicators (375,000); and households using pesticides (74 million out of 100
million total). (Based on Table 7.)
Trends in Conventional Pesticide Usage
Agriculture: Usage of conventional pesticides on farms increased from about 400 million pounds
in the mid-1960s to a peak of nearly 850 million pounds around 1980, primarily due to the widespread
adoption of herbicides in crop production. Since that time, usage has been somewhat lower and has
ranged from a low of 658 million pounds in 1987 to a high of 806 million pounds in 1996 (active
ingredient). Pesticide usage in agriculture can vary considerably from year to year depending on
weather, pest outbreaks, crop acreage, and economic factors such as crop prices.
Crop acreage is a major and direct factor affecting quantities of pesticides used in agriculture. For
example, conventional pesticide usage in agriculture increased by 35 million pounds in 1996 (to 806
million pounds, 4.5 percent over 1995) as the acreage of major crops grown (corn, sorghum, soybeans,
and cereal grains) increased by more than 20 million acres (or about 10 percent). There were no
compensating reductions in acreage of other crops or other factors. The level of agricultural usage in
1996 (806 million pounds active ingredient) was somewhat above the recent high of 786 million pounds
which occurred in 1994 (due largely to impacts of flooding and unseasonable weather during the 1993/
94 period). (Based on Tables 10 and 14.)
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—3
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Other Sectors: In the non-agricultural sectors, conventional pesticide usage reached a peak of
about 300 million pounds in 1979 and since has declined rather consistently to a level of just over 200
million pounds in recent years. Most of this decline is due to less usage in the industrial/commercial/
governmental sector (referred to as the professional market) which totaled 129 million pounds in 1997.
Usage of conventional pesticides by homeowners is estimated at 76 million pounds for 1997. (Basedon
Tables 10 and 14.)
4—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
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Table Highlights
All Pesticide Types:
+ Total U.S. pesticide usage in 1997 was about 4.6 billion pounds of active ingredient.This figure
includes conventional pesticides (1.0 billion pounds) plus industrial wood preservatives, biocides, and certain
other chemicals used as pesticides. (Table 4). This usage involves about 20,700 pesticide products and 890
active ingredients registered under FIFRA (Table 7).
+ Twenty-eight new active ingredients were registered as pesticides under FIFRA in 1997 (24 in 1996)
(Table 11 a). Of these new active ingredients, two-thirds were "safer" pesticides (biological or other
reduced risk) (Table lib).
+ There are about 1.25 million certified pesticide applicators in the U.S. (Table 12). Of these, most
are for agricultural applications (874,000) and the remainder (375,000) are certified commercial
applicators (Table 12).
Conventional/Other Pesticide Chemicals Only: (excludes industrial wood preservatives and bio-
cides)
+ U.S. pesticide user purchases account for nearly one-third of the world market in dollar
terms and about one-fifth of the active ingredient used, measured in pounds (Table 1).
+ Annual U.S. pesticide user expenditures totaled approximately $11.9 billion in 1997 ($11.6 billion
m 1996) (Table 2).
+ Agriculture accounts for more than two-thirds of pesticide user expenditures and three-fourths of the
volume used annually (Tables 2 and 3).
+ Herbicides are the leading type of pesticides, in terms of both user expenditures and volume used
(Tables 2 and 3).
+ Farmers' expenditures on pesticides were equal to 4.5% of total farm production expenditures in
1997, down slightly from the previous two years (Table 5).
+ Net usage of conventional pesticides of about 1.0 billion pounds derives from U. S. production of 1.3
billion, imports of 0.2 billion, and exports of 0.5 billion (pounds of active ingredient of conventional
pesticides) (Table 6).
+ Pesticides are used on nearly one million of the nation's farms (0.94 million farms in 1997, reported
by the Census of Agriculture). These 0.94 million farms using pesticides represent more than one-
half of U.S. farms with cropland (1.66 million farms in 1997) and about two-third's of U.S. farms
with harvested cropland (1.41 million farms in 1997). Most large-scale farms use at least some
pesticides in crop production. Pesticides are used by homeowners at about three-fourths of U.S.
households (74 million out of 100 million) (Table 7).
+ The most widely used pesticide in U.S. agricultural crop production by volume is the herbicide
atrazine (Table 8). The herbicide 2,4-D has the largest volume of usage in the nonagricultural
sectors (Table 9).
+ In 1996, conventional pesticide usage in agriculture increased to 806 million pounds from 771
million in 1995, or by about 4.5 percent (Table 10). This increase in agricultural pesticide usage
was due largely to acreage increases for corn and other major field crops. In 1997, agricultural
usage declined to about the level of 1995, i.e., 770 million pounds. For the non-agricultural sectors,
conventional pesticide usage increased slightly in 1996 and 1997 (Table 10).
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—5
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EPA and USDA Survey Activities
In recent years, through a series of coordinated initiatives, EPA and USDA have been improving the
information available on pesticide usage. This has been accomplished with EPA focusing on non-agricultural
usage sites and USDA focusing on agricultural usage sites. EPA conducted a survey of pesticide usage by
homeowners in 1990 and another survey of usage by commercial applicators in 1993. For further information
about EPA pesticide survey and data activities, contact Steve Nako, BEAD/OPP/EPA (7503C),
401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460—telephone (703) 308-8092 or e-mail at
NAKO. STEVE@EPA.GOV
Since 1990, USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and Economic Research
Service (ERS) have been collecting more extensive and frequent data on agricultural pesticide usage.
USDA's data collection and reporting activities on agricultural pesticide usage include annual surveys
of usage on field crops and alternate-year surveys for selected vegetables and fruits. Pesticide data on
nut crops were collected for the 1991 crop year only, but are being collected again for 1999. The
pesticide usage surveys cover the most significant field crops, vegetables, and fruits. For each crop,
major producing states are surveyed, usually accounting for 70% to 90% of the acreage grown. Results
are reported for individual states and in aggregate for "major states." For more information about
USDA pesticide usage surveys, contact Doug Kleweno, USDA/NASS, 14th & Independence Ave. S.W.,
Room 4162 S. Agriculture Building, Washington, DC 20250—telephone (202) 720-2248 or e-mail at
dgkleweno@NASS.USDA.GOV.
6—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
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About This Report
EPA, along with the States and other agencies such as FDA and USD A, is responsible for regulation of
the production and use of pesticides in the U.S. under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenti-
cide Act and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. This report is designed to provide contempo-
rary and historical economic information on the U.S. pesticide producing and using sectors covered by
state and federal regulatory programs. Economic profile information is provided on a variety of topics,
particularly the pesticide market in terms of dollar values and quantities of active ingredient. Reports
have been issued on this topic by the EPA Pesticide Program covering the years since 1979.
In this report, quantities and dollar values for pesticide usage are reported with separate break-outs
for agriculture, home/garden (homeowner applications), and industrial/commercial/governmental (pro-
fessional market). They are also reported by commonly used pesticide class categories, e.g., herbicides/
plant growth regulators and insecticides/miticides. The definitions for economic sectors and pesticide
classes are presented in notes below Tables 2 and 3. They are also included in a Glossary of terms
presented at end of this report.
There is no program at EPA, nor at any other agency, devoted specifically to estimation of the
overall pesticide market in quantitative and dollar terms each year. Accordingly, this report is prepared
based on the best available information from the public domain and proprietary sources. The numbers
presented in the report should be considered approximate rather than precise values with known
statistical properties.
The Agency has available a wide variety of published and proprietary information upon which to
base estimates. Extensive files and library materials on pesticide usage are maintained at the Pesticide
Data Center in the Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA. For
the agricultural sector, which accounts for a majority of use of conventional pesticides, the Agency has
available five national data bases/services including those from the U. S. Department of Agriculture plus
a number of more specific and limited data sources. For the non-agricultural sector, there is a similar
number of sources of information. For both the agricultural and non-agricultural estimates, use is made
of proprietary data sources, with the permission of vendors. The proprietary sources used by EPA are
well known organizations, which are also utilized by registrants and other private sector firms.
The methods used by the various sources of information to make estimates vary from large
statistically based grower/user samples or panels (e.g., 15,000-20,000 respondents annually) to use of
more limited interview/survey approaches of growers, applicators, pesticide suppliers, and pest man-
agement consultants. Each source (and its method) must be considered on its merits in judging the
usefulness and relevance to making annual market estimates. Corroboration and cross checking are done
where possible.
Throughout this report, the abbreviation "a.i." is used in lieu of the words "active ingredient"
in order to save space.
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—7
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8—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
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Pesticide Market Estimate
Tables and Charts,
1997 and Earlier Years
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—9
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Table 1
U.S. and World Pesticide Sales at User Level
1997 Estimates
Pesticide
Class1
U.S. Market
(Million) (%)
World Market
(Million) (%)
U.S. % of
World Market
User Expenditures (Millions of Dollars)
Herbicides
Insecticides
Fungicides
Other2
Total
$6,846
3,553
802
696
$11,897
58%
30%
7%
6%
100%
$16,886
11,592
6,037
2,533
$37,048
46%
31%
16%
7%
100%
41%
31%
13%
27%
32%
Volume of Active Ingredient (Millions of Pounds)
Herbicides
Insecticides
Fungicides
Other2
Total
568
129
81
453
1,231
46%
10%
7%
37%
100%
2,254
1,470
539
1,421
5,684
40%
26%
9%
25%
100%
25%
9%
15%
32%
22%
NOTE: Totals may not add due to rounding.
SOURCE: EPA estimates of world market based on Wood Mackenzie staff input, SRI Consulting staff input, American Crop
Protection Association (ACPA) annual surveys. Estimates of U.S. market are from Tables 2 and 3.
FOOTNOTES:
1 See definitions of pesticide classes below Tables 2.
2 Includes sulfur and petroleum/other chemicals but does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides and
chlorine/hy pochlorites.
10—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
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U.S. vs. World Pesticide Sales - User Expenditures, 1997
Millions of Dollars
40,000
35,000
30,000
25
U.S. Market
World Market
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other
TOTAL
U.S. vs. World Pesticide Sales - Volume of Active Ingredient, 1997
Millionsof Pounds
6,000
5,000
U.S. Market
World Market
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other TOTAL
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—11
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Table 2
User Expenditures for Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector
1996/1997 Estimates
Year and
Sector2
1996
I
Agriculture
Ind./Comm./Govt.
Home & Garden
Total
Herbicides/Plant Insecticides/
Growth Regulators Miticides
($M)
$5,399
721
479
$6,599
(%) ($M)
82%
11%
7%
100%
$1,542
559
1,338
$3,439
(%)
45%
16%
39%
100%
Fungicides
($M) (%)
$658
140
25
$823
80%
17%
4%
100%
Other1 TOTAL
($M)
$470
68
160
$698
(%) ($M)
67%
10%
23%
100%
$8,069
1,488
2,002
$11,559
(%)
70%
13%
17%
100%
1997
£
Agriculture $5,610 82%
Ind./Comm./Govt. 743 11%
Home & Garden 493 7%
Total
$6,846 100%
$1,599 45%
576 16%
1,378 39%
$3,553 100%
$632 79%
144 18%
26 3%
$802 100%
$462 66%
70 10%
164 24%
$696 100%
$8,303 70%
1,533 13%
2,061 17%
$11,897 100%
NOTES: Totals may not add due to rounding.
Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
SOURCE: EPA estimates based on American Crop Protection Association (ACPA) annual surveys, USDA/ERS data series and input
from Doane, Kline, and SRI Consulting.
FOOTNOTES:
1 Includes nematicides, fumigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic, fish/bird pesticides, other
miscellaneous conventional pesticides plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
(See Table 3 for more detail.)
2 SectorDefinitions:
Expenditures for pesticides in the U.S. are divided among economic sectors as follows:
Agriculture: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in
production of raw agricultural commodities, principally food, fiber and tobacco; includes
non-crop and post harvest usage as well as crop/field applications;
Ind./Comm./Govt: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to industry, commercial and
governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus: custom/commercial applications to homes and gardens, including
lawns;
Home & Garden: homeowner applications to homes and gardens, including lawns; single and multiple unit housing.
12—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
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U.S. User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides, 1997 Estimates
Millions of Dollars
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
$6,846M
Agriculture
Industrial/Commercial/
Government
Home & Garden
Herbicides/Plant Insecticides/
Growth Regulators Miticides
Fungicides
Other
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—13
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Tables
Volume of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the U.S.
by Type, Class, and Sector, 1996/1997 Estimates
Year an
Sector3
1996
Herbicides/
Plant Growth
Regulators
(M Ib.) (%)
Agriculture 481 83%
Ind./Comm./Govt. 49 8%
Home & Garden 48 8%
Total
578 100%
Conventional Pesticides
Insecticides/ Fumigants/
Miticides Fungicides Nematicides Other1
(M Ib.) (%)
84 65%
29 22%
17 13%
130 100%
(M Ib.) (%)
51 65%
20 25%
8 10%
79 100%
(Mlb.) (%)
165 87%
24 13%
1 1%
180 100%
(Mlb.) (%)
25 78%
8 19%
1 3%
32 100%
Total
(Mlb.) (%)
806 80%
128 13%
75 7%
1,009 100°/<
Other Pesticides
Sulfur/
Oil Other2 Total
(Mlb.) (%)
124 81%
14 9%
15 10%
159 100%
(M Ib.) (%)
28 35%
8 10%
45 56%
83 100%
(M Ib.) (%)
152 65%
22 9%
60 28%
234 100%
Total
(M Ib.) (%)
958 77%
150 12%
135 11%
1,243 100%
1997
Agriculture
470 83%
Ind./Comm./Govt. 49 9%
Home & Garden 49 9%
Total
568 100%
82 64%
30 23%
17 13%
128 100%
53 65%
20 25%
8 10%
81 100%
140 85%
24 15%
1 1%
165 100%
25 78%
6 19%
1 3%
32 100%
770 79%
129 13%
76 8%
975100%
144 83%
14 8%
15 9%
173 100%
30 36%
8 10%
45 54%
83 100%
174 68%
22 9%
60 23%
256 100%
944 77%
151 12%
136 11%
1,231 100%
NOTES: Totals may not add due to rounding.
Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
SOURCE: EPA estimates based on: American Crop Protection Association (ACPA) annual surveys; USDA/NASS Survey Reports
(1996/98); inputs from Kline, Doane and SRI Consulting; and USDA/ERS estimates (Ag. Handbook 712 and preliminary
values for 1996/97).
FOOTNOTES:
1 Includes fumigants, nematicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic, fish/bird pesticides, insect
regulators, and other miscellaneous pesticides.
2 Includes sulfuric acid, insect repellents, zinc sulfate and other miscellaneous chemicals produced largely for
non-pesticidal purposes. Moth control chemicals (e.g., paradichlorobenzene and napthaline are
included in totals presented).
3 Sector Definitions:
Quantities and expenditures for pesticides in the U.S. are divided among economic sectors as follows:
Agriculture: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in produc-
tion of raw agricultural commodities, principally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes
non-crop and post harvest usage as well as crop/field applications;
Ind./Comm./Govt: applications by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to industry, commercial and
governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus: custom/commercial applications to homes and gardens, including
lawns;
Home & Garden: homeowner applications to homes and gardens, including lawns; single and multiple unit housing.
14—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
U.S. Volume of Pesticide Usage, 1997 Estimates
CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES
Millions of Pounds
600
500
400
300
200
100
568M
Agriculture
Industrial/Commercial/
Government
Herbicides/ Insecticides/ Fungicides Fumigants/
Plant Growth Miticides Nematicides
Regulators
Other
CONVENTIONAL AND OTHER PESTICIDE CHEMICALS
Millions of Pounds
1400
Conventional
Pesticides
Other Pesticide
Chemicals
Total
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—15
image:
Table 4
U.S. Usage of Conventional and Other Types of Pesticides
1996/1997 Estimates
Type
Million Pounds active ingredient (a.i.)
1996 1997
Conventional Pesticides
Sulfur, petroleum (oil, distillates, etc.), sulfuric acid, and
other misc. chemicals used as pesticides
Wood Preservatives 1
Specialty Biocides by End Use
— Swim pools, spas, industrial water treatment2
— Disinfectants and sanitizers 3
—Other4
Subtotal5
Chlorine/hypochlorites
— Disinfection of potable and waste water
— Disinfectant and pools
Subtotal
Total
1,009
234
668
181
34
48
263
1,433
955
975
256
665
186
35
51
272
1,476
983
2,388 2,459
4,562 4,627
SOURCES: Wood Preservatives— American Wood Preservers Institute (AWPI) report for 1996. EPA estimate for 1997.
Biocides—Kline & Co. staff input.
Chlorine/Hy pochlorites—Report for Chlorine Institute by Charles River Assoc., April 1993.
FOOTNOTES:
1 Includes water and oil borne preservatives, and creosote/coal tar/petroleum
preservatives.
2 Specialty biocides only. Does not include hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which is
reported separately.
3 Includes industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning products. Specialty biocides only.
Does not include hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which is reported separately.
4 Includes biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metalworking fluids, paints
and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and textiles.
5 Does not include: hospital and medical antiseptics, food and feed preservatives, and cosmetics/toiletries, as
they are regulated largely by FDA under U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, rather than FIFRA. FDA and
EPA share regulatory responsibilities over some of the speciality biocide usage reported in the table.
16—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
Tables
Importance of Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers
1995-1997 Estimates
1995 1996 1997
$Billion % $Billion % $Billion %
Farm Pesticides Expenditures1
Total Farm Production Expenses2
7.90 4.7%
169.3 100%
8.07 4.6%
177.2 100%
8.30 4.5%
182.9 100%
FOOTNOTES:
1 EPA Estimates (Tables 2 and 16).
2 USDA/ERS, McGath, July 1998.
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—17
image:
Tables
U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and NetSupply of Pesticides at
Producer Level, 1996/1997 Estimates
Category
U.S. Production
U.S. Imports
Total Supply
U.S. Exports
Net Supply/Usage
Active Ingredient
(in billions of pounds)
1996/1997
1.3
0.2
1.5
0.5
1.0
Sales Value
(in billions of dollars)
1996/1997
7.9
2.3
10.2
3.0
7.2
NOTE: Excludes industrial wood preservatives and biocides.
SOURCE: EPA estimates based on ACPA Surveys, Department of Commerce Publications, SRI Consulting staff report, and other
sources.
18—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply
of Pesticides, 1996/1997 Estimates
Active Ingredient (in Ibs.)
U.S. Production
U.S. Imports |
equals
Total Supply
1.5B
Exports
0.5B
equals
Net Supply/
Usage
1.0B
NOTE: B = billion
Sales Value
U.S. Production
U.S. Imports
equals
Total Supply
$10.2B
Exports
$3.0B
equals
Net Supply/
Usage
$7.2B
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—19
image:
Table?
U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing, and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers of
Units Involved, 1996/97 Estimates Unless Otherwise Indicated
(Approximate Values)
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
Basic Production
1. Major Basic Producers
2. Other Producers
3. Active Ingredients with Active Registrations
(FIFRA sec. 3 - federal or sec. 24(c) - state)
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
18
100
891
Active Ingredients with Food/Feed Tolerances
(FFDCA)(9/98) 523
Number of Commodities with one or more
Tolerances (9/98) 684
-Raw ag. commodity 607
-Raw animal product 77
Number of Tolerances in Place (9/98) 9,783
-Raw ag. commodity 9,545
-Food Additive 138
-Feed Additive 100
Chemical Cases for Reregistration
-Pre-FIFRA'88 612
-Post-FIFRA '88 405
Active Ingredients for Reregistration
-Pre-FIFRA'88 1,138
-Post-FIFRA '88 590
Reregistrations Completed by 9/30/97
-Reregistration Eligiblity Docs. (RED) Issued 171
-Active Ingredients 265
-Products 6,194
-Tolerances reassessed 1,569
(For the total of 612 Pre-FIFRA '88 cases, as of 9/30/97, RED's
were issued for 171 and 231 were cancelled, leaving 210 to be
completed by about 2002.)
10. New Active Ingredients Registered (Table 11 a)
-1996
-1997
(Items 1-10 based on EPA registration data bases and files.)
24
28
Distribution and Marketing
1. Formulators
-Major national 150-200
-Other 2,000
2. Distributors and Establishments
-Major national 250-350
-Other 16,900
3. Formulated Products with Registrations (6/98) 20,726
-Federal level 17,713
-State/24(c) 3,013
USER LEVEL
Agricultural Sector
1. Land in Farms 932M acres
2. Harvested 309M acres
3. Total No. Farms 1.912M
4. Total No. Farms with Cropland 1.661M
5. No. Farms with Harvested Cropland 1.411M
6. No. Farms Using Chemicals for:
-Insects on hay/crops 366,000
-Nematodes 43,000
-Diseases on crops/orchards 112,000
-Weed/grass/brush 685,000
-Defoliation/fruit thinning 51,000
-Any or all of the above 941,000
-Any or all above pesticide chemicals
plus fertilizer 1,325,000
(Items 1-6 above are 1997 census no.s)
7. No. Private Pesticide
Applicators Registered (Table 12) 874,253
I nd ./Comm./Gov't Sector
No. Commercial Pest Control Firms
(turf/ornamental/ROW/aquatic/industrial/instit./ structural/
health related only) (EPA Survey, 1993) 33,100
No. Certified Commercial
Applicators, 10/97 (Table 12) 374,888
Home & Garden Sector
1. Total U.S. Households ('96)
(EPA Survey, 1990, extrapolated) 100M
2. No. Households Using; ('96)
-Insecticides 56M
-Fungicides 38M
-Herbicides 14M
-Repellents 17M
-Disinfectants 42M
-Any pesticides 74M
3. U.S. Population ('96 est.) 266M
(Census estimate)
SOURCE: EPA estimates based on Agency file information
and various other sources, including 1997 Census
of Agriculture.
20—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
Tables
Quantities of MostCommonly Used Conventional Pesticides
in U.S. Agricultural Crop Production
(Approximate Quantities in 1997, 1995, 1993, and 1987)
1997
Mil. Ibs. Al
1 . Atrazine
2. Metolachlor
3. Metam Sodium
4. Methyl Bromide
5. Glyphosate
6. Dichloropropene
7. Acetochlor
8. 2,4-D
9. Pendimethalin
lO.Trifluralin
11. Cyanazine
12.Alachlor
13. Copper Hydroxide
14. Chlorpyrifos
15. Chlorothalonil
16. Dicamba
17. Mancozeb
18. EPIC
19.Terbufos
20. Dimethenamid
21 . Bentazone
22. Propanil
23. Simazine
24. MCPA
25. Chloropicrin
75-82
63-69
53-58
38-45
34-38
32-37
31-36
29-33
24-28
21-25
18-22
13-16
10-13
9-13
7-10
7-10
7-10
7-10
6-9
6-9
6-8
6-8
5-7
5-6
5-6
Rank
1
2
3
4
7
5
11
6
9
10
8
12
16
14
13
18
13
13
19
40
23
17
29
28
33
Earlier
1995
Mil. Ibs. Al
68-73
59-64
49-54
39-46
25-30
38-43
22-27
31-36
23-28
23-28
24-29
19-24
7-11
9-13
8-12
6-10
6-9
9-13
6-9
2-4
4-8
6-10
3-5
4-5
3-4
Years
1993
Rank Mil. Ibs. Al
1
2
8
3
11
6
7
10
9
5
4
20
13
14
16
19
12
17
—
18
15
23
22
39
70-75
60-65
25-30
49-57
15-20
30-35
0
25-30
20-25
20-25
30-35
45-50
4-7
10-15
10-15
6-10
4-7
10-15
5-8
NA
4-7
7-12
3-8
4-5
2-4
1987
Rank Mil.
1
3
15
17
4
5
10
6
7
2
40
14
19
23
21
8
11
—
15
13
28
25
Ibs. Al
71-76
45-50
5-8
NA
6-8
30-35
0
29-33
10-13
25-30
21-25
55-60
1-2
6-9
5-7
4-6
4-6
17-21
8-10
NA
6-9
7-10
3-4
4-5
NA
SOURCE: EPA estimates based on proprietary data.
NOTE: List is limited to conventional pesticides. Does not include sulfur usage (50-75
mil. Ibs. in 1997) and petroleum oil/distillates usage (65-75 mil. Ibs. in 1997).
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—21
image:
Tables
Quantities of Pesticides Most Commonly Used in
Non-Agricultural Sectors of U.S.
(Approximate Quantities, 1995/96)
Home and Garden Market
(Homeowner Applications)
Pesticide
Millions of Pounds
1. 2,4-D
2. Glyphosate
3. Dicamba
4. MCPP
5. Diazinon
6. Chlorpyrifos
7. Carbaryl
8. Benefin
9. Dacthal
7-9
5-7
3-5
3-5
2-4
2-4
1 -3
1 -3
1 -3
NOTE: Does not include moth controls: Paradichlorobenzene (30-35 mil. Ibs./yr.) and
naphthaline (2-4 mil. Ibs./yr.). Also does not include insect repellent:
N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (5-7 mil. Ibs./yr.)
Industry/Commercial/Government
(Ownerand Hired Professional)
Pesticide
Millions of Pounds
1. 2,4-D
2. Glyphosate
3. Copper Sulfate
4. Chlorpyrifos
5. MSMA
6. Methyl Bromide
7. Pendimethalin
8. Chlorothalanil
9. Malathion
16-18
9-12
5-7
4-7
4-5
3-6
2-4
2-4
2-3
NOTE: Does not include usage of sulfur and petroleum/oils.
Includes applications to homes and gardens by professional applicators.
SOURCE: EPA estimates based on a variety of sources.
22—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
(page left blank intentionally)
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—23
image:
Table 10
U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated
Agricultural Sector Share, 1964-1997
Year
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Total
Million
pounds
active ingredient
617
658
682
712
742
763
760
793
843
882
964
1013
1041
1084
1106
1144
1121
1123
1096
1040
1085
1052
1025
917
954
973
976
955
967
929
999
973
1009
975
U.S.
%
Change
6.6%
3.6%
4.4%
4.2%
2.8%
-0.4%
4.3%
6.3%
4.6%
9.3%
5.1%
2.8%
4.1%
2.0%
3.4%
-2.0%
0.2%
-2.4%
-5.1%
4.3%
-3.0%
-2.6%
-10.5%
4.0%
2.0%
0.3%
-2.2%
1 .3%
-3.9%
7.5%
-2.6%
3.7%
-3.4%
Agricultural
Million
pounds
active ingredient
366
396
414
429
457
491
499
528
575
607
688
729
753
794
813
843
826
831
805
749
801
780
755
658
699
722
728
716
735
706
786
771
806
770
% Of
Total U.S.
59%
60%
61%
60%
62%
64%
66%
67%
68%
69%
71%
72%
72%
73%
74%
74%
74%
74%
73%
72%
74%
74%
74%
72%
73%
74%
75%
75%
76%
76%
79%
79%
80%
79%
Sector
%
Change
8.2%
4.5%
3.6%
6.5%
7.4%
1 .6%
5.8%
8.9%
5.6%
13.3%
6.0%
3.3%
5.4%
2.4%
3.7%
-2.0%
0.6%
-3.1%
-7.0%
6.9%
-2.6%
-3.2%
-12.8%
6.2%
3.3%
0.8%
-1 .6%
2.7%
-3.9%
11.3%
-1 .9%
4.5%
-4.5%
Non-Ag. Sectors
Million
pounds
active ingredient
251
262
268
283
285
272
261
265
268
275
276
284
288
290
293
301
295
292
291
291
284
272
270
259
255
251
248
239
232
223
213
202
203
205
%
Change
4.4%
2.3%
5.6%
0.7%
-4.6%
-4.0%
1 .5%
1.1%
2.6%
0.4%
2.9%
1 .4%
0.7%
1 .0%
2.7%
-2.0%
-1 .0%
-0.3%
0.0%
-2.4%
-4.2%
-0.7%
-4.1%
-1 .5%
-1 .6%
-1 .2%
-3.6%
-2.9%
-3.9%
-4.5%
-5.2%
0.5%
1 .0%
NOTE: Conventional pesticides only, excluding sulfur, petroleum oil, wood preservatives, biocides, etc.
SOURCE: EPA estimates.
24—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage:
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Sectors Share, 1964-1997
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Million pounds active ingredient
Non-Agriculture
CM Tt (O
o o o
1200
1000
Million pounds active ingredient
COCOCOCOCOOOG)O
400
200
1400
1200
1000
800
600
Million pounds active ingredient
Non-Aqriculture
<O<O<Of-f-f-f-f-OOOOOOOOOOO>O>O>O>
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—25
image:
Table 11 a
Numberof Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides
Under FIFRA, by Type, 1967-1997
TYPE
Year
Total Total
Bactericide/ Uses Chemicals
Insecticide Herbicide Fungicide Slimicide Nematicide Rodenticide Other Registered Registered
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
4
6
7
1
0
4
5
6
8
2
1
2
8
4
4
5
5
6
8
2
3
2
5
1
4
3
4
14
15
16
11
2
2
4
2
1
5
3
8
11
3
1
2
2
3
3
5
5
1
1
7
5
5
5
3
2
4
5
4
3
2
9
2
5
0
2
1
6
4
6
5
2
0
0
4
1
2
1
3
2
1
0
0
1
3
2
4
4
7
8
6
3
5
5
4
2
3
1
5
2
0
11
4
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
3
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
6
3
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
5
3
2
3
1
16
18
14
10
5
21
15
22
36
12
3
5
17
11
16
17
14
14
13
12
12
11
15
8
12
12
21
30
31
28
28
16
18
14
10
4
17
13
22
35
12
3
5
17
11
16
17
14
13
10
11
11
11
15
8
12
11
20
30
31
24
28
NOTE: Total number of uses exceeds number of chemicals when a chemical has more than one use type. Data for 1996 and 1997 are
fiscal year basis, ending Sept. 30.
SOURCE: EPA registration files and OPP Annual Reports for 1996 and 1997.
26—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
New Active Ingredient Pesticide Registrations
First-time Registrations, 1967-1997
Number of Registrations
Year
Table 11 b
Numberof Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides
Under FIFRA, by Classification Safer (Reduced-Risk) or Other Pesticides,
1990-1997
Year
Safer(Reduced-Risk)
Other
Total
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
3
7
6
5
16
19
15
19
5
5
5
15
14
12
9
9
8
12
11
20
30
31
24
28
SOURCE: EPA registration files.
NOTE: "Safer (reduced-risk)" pesticides is a term EPA applies to pesticides with lower potential for health or environmental risks
due to their mode of action, being naturally occurring, biologicals, etc.
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—27
image:
Table 12
Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S.
October 30,1997
EPA
U.S.
Region1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total4
Private2 Commercial3
6,471
27,246
63,025
222,326
126,251
183,549
123,524
67,330
25,966
28,565
874,253
9,454
33,989
36,306
76,518
65,719
30,449
31,572
17,360
50,623
22,898
374,888
SOURCE: EPA 5700-33H form that states submit to EPA Regions each year.
FOOTNOTES:
1 See following page for map of EPA Regions.
2 The term "private applicators" refers primarily to individual farmers.
3 Commercial refers to professional pesticide applicators.
4 The U.S. totals do not add because some applicators are certified in more than
one Region.
28—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
Certified Pesticide Applicators, 1997
1 23456789 10
REGIONS
23456789 10
REGIONS
Commercial
I Private
U.S. EPA Regional Map
Boston
ew York
City
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—29
image:
Table 13
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type,
All Economic Sectors Combined, 1979-1997
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Millions of Pounds active ingredient
Herbicides 610
Insecticides 255
Fungicides 124
Other Conv. 155
Other Chems. 343
Total 1487
622
228
122
149
321
1442
631
218
122
152
307
1430
620
210
117
149
298
1394
573
204
115
148
287
1327
634
197
109
145
284
1369
611
193
110
138
284
1336
590
188
109
138
278
1303
532
152
100
133
269
1186
557
161
99
137
266
1220
567
154
98
154
251
1224
564
148
91
173
252
1228
546
141
86
182
226
1181
554
143
81
189
246
1213
527
130
80
192
248
1177
583
138
79
199
244
1243
556
137
77
203
249
1222
578
130
79
222
234
1243
568
129
81
197
256
1231
NOTE: Excludes wood preservatives and biocides.
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.
Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage
(Total U.S. Volume, by Type 1979-1997)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
(Millions of Pounds)
Total
Other Pesticides
Herbicides
79 '80 81 82 83 '84 85 86 87
90 9192939495 9697
Year
30—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
Table 14
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Millions of Pounds active ingredient
Herbicides 492
Insecticides 188
Fungicides 57
Other Conv. 106
OtherChems. 246
Total 1 089
504
163
59
100
227
1053
513
152
62
104
215
1046
503
142
59
101
207
1012
455
135
59
100
196
945
516
129
56
100
194
995
501
126
59
94
194
974
481
121
59
94
188
943
425
90
52
91
180
838
450
100
54
95
177
876
460
95
54
113
161
883
455
90
50
133
164
892
440
85
47
144
140
856
450
90
45
150
161
896
425
80
47
154
166
872
485
90
48
163
163
949
461
91
49
170
168
939
481
84
51
190
152
958
470
82
53
165
174
944
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Agriculture
(by Type 1979-1997)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
(Millions of Pounds)
Total
Other Pesticides
Herbicides
4-
4-
4-
4-
79 '80 81 82 83 '84
83 87 83
Year
90 91
96 94 95 96 97
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—31
image:
Table 14 (continued)
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
INDUSTRY/COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENT
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Millions of Pounds active ingredient
Herbicides 85
Insecticides 35
Fungicides 50
Other Conv. 46
OtherChems. 27
Total 243
83
35
45
46
25
234
82
37
43
46
24
232
80
39
41
45
24
229
80
40
40
45
24
229
78
41
38
41
24
222
70
43
37
41
23
214
68
45
36
41
23
213
65
42
34
39
22
202
64
41
32
39
22
198
63
40
31
38
22
194
63
39
31
38
22
193
60
38
30
37
21
186
58
35
28
36
21
178
56
32
25
36
20
169
52
30
23
34
20
159
48
29
20
31
22
150
49
29
20
30
22
150
49
30
20
30
22
151
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Industry,
Commercial, and Government
(by Type 1979-1997)
(Millions of Pounds)
oU U —1=
250
200
150
100
Total
Other Pesticides
Herbicides
79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97
Year
32—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
Table 14 (continued)
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Millions of Pounds active ingredient
Herbicides 33
Insecticides 32
Fungicides 17
Other Conv. 3
OtherChems. 70
Total 155
35
30
18
3
69
155
36
29
17
3
68
153
37
29
17
3
67
153
38
29
16
3
67
153
40
27
15
3
67
152
40
24
14
3
67
148
41
22
14
3
67
147
42
20
14
3
67
146
43
20
13
3
67
146
44
19
13
2
68
146
46
19
10
2
66
143
46
18
9
2
65
140
46
18
8
2
64
138
46
18
8
2
62
136
46
18
8
2
61
135
47
17
8
2
59
133
48
17
8
2
60
135
49
17
8
2
60
136
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 3 for 1996/1997.
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Home and Garden
(by Type 1979-1997)
180
(Millions of Pounds)
120
100
80
60
40
20
Other Pesticides
Herbicides
H 1 1 1 1 1 1 h
79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97
Year
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—33
image:
Table 15
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type,
All Economic Sectors Combined, 1979-1997
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Millions of Dollars
Herbicides 3026
Insecticides 1783
Fung. & Other 489
Total 5298
3310
2037
459
5806
3738
2151
536
6425
3772
2193
540
6505
3870
2360
731
6961
4488
2172
708
7368
3920
2250
963
7133
3858
2271
967
7096
3973
2284
1049
7306
4121
2562
1190
7873
4305
2699
1141
8145
4473
2732
1171
8376
4682
2808
1223
8713
5004
2904
1183
9091
5094
2985
1259
9338
5944
3242
1408
1 0594
6276
3552
1488
11316
6599
3439
1521
11559
6846
3553
1498
11897
NOTE: Excludes wood preservatives and biocides.
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.
Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides
(Total U.S. Expenditures, by Type, 1979-1997)
14000
12000
10000
(Millions of Dollars)
79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97
Year
34—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
Table 16
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
AGRICULTURE
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Herbicides 2060
Insecticides 900
Fung.&Other 240
Total 3200
2300
1095
205
3600
2590
1139
272
4001
2465
1120
268
3853
2800
1300
450
4550
3390
950
418
4758
2900
1100
615
4615
VIIIIIUI
2775
1050
600
4425
IS OT L
2935
1050
650
4635
junai
3080
1110
775
4965
3
3255
1099
800
5154
3463
1172
842
5477
3644
1208
884
5736
3915
1216
829
5960
3987
1248
895
6130
4808
1453
1036
7297
5112
1710
1107
7929
5399
1542
1128
8069
5610
1599
1094
8303
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides for Agriculture
(by Type 1979-1997)
9000
8000
7000
(Millions of Dollars)
2000
1000 --Q
0
i —i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r
79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97
Year
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—35
image:
Table 16 (continued)
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
INDUSTRY/COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENT
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Millions of Dollars
Herbicides 672
Insecticides 288
Fung.&Other 130
Total 1090
660
312
132
1104
756
347
138
1241
852
359
142
1353
720
360
144
1224
720
480
150
1 350
600
450
180
1230
642
486
192
1320
576
492
210
I278
600
528
240
1368
630
480
180
1290
593
451
169
1213
616
469
176
1261
648
498
186
1332
660
512
191
1363
679
528
197
1404
700
543
202
1445
721
559
208
1488
743
576
214
1533
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for
Industry, Commercial and Government
(by Type 1979-1997)
1800
1600
(Millions of Dollars)
200
0
79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97
Year
36—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
Table 16 (continued)
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
HOME AND GARDEN
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Millions of Dollars
Herbicides 294
Insecticides 595
Fung.&Other 119
Total 1008
350
630
122
1102
392
665
126
1183
445
714
130
1289
350
700
137
1187
378
742
140
1 260
420
700
168
1288
441
735
175
1351
462
742
189
I393
441
924
175
1540
420
1120
161
1701
417
1109
160
1686
423
1131
162
1716
441
1190
168
1799
446
1225
174
1845
456
1261
175
1892
465
1299
179
1943
479
1338
185
2002
493
1378
190
2061
SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, updated 3/97 for 1979-95 (previous estimates obsolete); Table 2 for 1996/1997.
2250
2000
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide
for Home and Garden
(by Type 1979-1997)
(Millions of Dollars)
79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97
Year
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—37
image:
Glossary
ACTIVE INGREDIENT (A.L): The chemical or substance component of a pesticide product that can
kill,repel, attract, mitigate or control a pest or that acts as a plant growth regulator, desiccant, or nitrogen
stabilizer. The remainder of a formulated pesticide product consists of one or more "inert ingredients"
(such as water, solvents, emulsifiers, surfactants, clay and propellants), which are there for reasons other
than pesticidal activity.
AGRICULTURAL USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Pesticides applied by owner/operators and
custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in production of raw agricultural
commodities, principally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes non-crop and post-harvest use as well as crop/
field applications.
CERTIFIED APPLICATOR: A person who is authorized to apply "restricted-use" pesticides as result
of meeting requirements for certification under FIFRA-mandated programs. Applicator certification
programs are conducted by states, territories and tribes in accordance with national standards set by EPA.
"Restricted use pesticides" may be used only by or under the direct supervision of specially trained and
certified applicators.
COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR: Apersonapplyingpesticides as part of a business applying pesticides
for hire or a person applying pesticides as part of his or her j ob with another (not for hire) type of business,
organization or agency. Commercial applicators often are certified, but need to be so only if they use
restricted-use pesticides.
CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES: Pesticides that are chemicals or other substances developed and
produced primarily or only for use as pesticides. The term is generally used in reference to active
ingredients. An example is DDT, which was developed and used almost exclusively as a pesticide.
ECONOMIC USER SECTORS (ORMARKETS): In thisreport, estimates of quantities used and user
expenditures for pesticides are broken out separately for the three general economic user sectors (or
markets) as follows: agriculture, industrial/commercial/governmental, and home/garden. These three
sectors/markets are defined elsewhere in this glossary.
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which is involved in regulation of pesticides in the U.S.,
particularly enforcement of tolerances in food and feed products.
FFDCA: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is the law which controls pesticide residues in food and
feed, along with FIFRA.
FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act is the law which generally controls pesticide
sale and use.
HOME ANDGARDENUSERSECTOR(ORMARKET): Involves pesticides appliedby homeowners
to homes and gardens, including lawns; single and multiple unit housing. Does not include pesticides for
home/garden applications by professional applicators.
INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/GO VERNMENTAL USER SECTOR (ORMARKET): Involves
pesticides applied by professional applicators (by owner/operators/employees and custom/commercial
applicators) to industrial, commercial and governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus custom/
commercial applications to homes and gardens, including lawns. May also be referred to as "professional
market" for pesticides.
38—1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
image:
NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTORS: General term which refers to a combination of home/garden and
industrial/commercial/governmental sectors.
OTHER PESTICIDE CHEMICALS: Chemicals registered as pesticides but which are produced and
marketed mostly for other purposes, i.e., multi-use chemicals. Notable examples are sulfur, petroleum
products (e.g., kerosene, oils and distillates), salt and sulfuric acid.
PESTICIDE: May be used to refer to an active ingredient (as defined above) or formulated pesticide
product registered under FIFRA.
PESTICIDE USER EXPENDITURES: Dollar value of purchases by persons or businesses applying
pesticides, such as farmers, commercial pesticide applicators and homeowners. Reported numbers are
nominal values for the years indicated, i.e., not adjusted or indexed for inflation.
PESTICIDE USAGE: Refers to actual applications of pesticides, generally in terms of quantity applied
or units treated.
PRIVATE APPLICATOR: A category of applicator certification for farmers and/or employees such that
they can legally apply restricted use pesticides or supervise others doing so who are not certified.
PROFESSIONAL MARKET: Sales of pesticides for application to industrial/commercial/governmen-
tal sectors, homes and gardens by certified/commercial applicators.
SAFER PESTICIDES: Pesticides designated as "safer" (or "reduced-risk") by EPA due to favorable
characteristics affecting health or environmental risks, resistance management and integrated pest
management. Safer pesticides may be conventional pesticides posing less risk or be biopesticides with
unique modes of action, low use volume, lower toxicity, target species specificity or natural occurrence.
SPECIALTY BIOCIDES: Inthisreport, estimates are provided for end uses as follows: swimming pools,
spas and industrial water treatment (excludes chlorine/hypochlorites which are reported separately);
disinfectants and sanitizers (including industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning prod-
ucts); and other specialty biocides (including biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex
polymers, metal working fluids, paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics and textiles). These are
categories of end usage which are covered by FIFRA. There are other end uses of specialty biocides which
areregulated under FFDCAandarenot covered in thisreport. (such as hospital/medical antiseptics, food/
feed preservatives and for cosmetics/toiletries).
TOLERANCE: The maximum amount of a pesticide allowable in a food or feed product before it is
considered adulterated, usually specified in parts per million.
USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture
WOOD PRESERVATIVES: Pesticide active ingredients used in treatment of wood to protect it from
insects, fungi and other pests. In this report, a total is presented for usage of wood preservative chemicals
in industrial plants, the bulk of which is for pressure treatment. The maj or categories of pesticide chemicals
included in this report as industrial wood preservatives are water borne preservatives (primarily
arsenicals), oil borne preservatives (such as copper naphthenate and pentachlorophenol), creosote,
creosote-coal tar and creosote petroleum.
1996/1997 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage—39
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